ABSTRACT
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is associated with different clinical outcomes in men and women. Rates of hospitalization and mortality are higher in men, but late post-COVID complications may be more frequent in women. A variety of differences in comorbidities, behavior, and biology between males and females, in particular sex-related differences in the immune system, have been implicated. This review discusses how the integration of holistic and reductionistic research perspectives is providing a comprehensive understanding of the impact of sex on COVID-19 susceptibility and underscores the need to incorporate sex-specific reporting and analysis in future research. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.